What is probability?
A branch of mathematics that applies to events dependent on chance.
Write the formula for calculating probability.
Probability = Number of times an event occurs / Total number of trials.
What is the probability of producing a child with an AB blood type from An A blood type mother and O blood type father?
0%.
What does the rule of addition state?
The probability of an event occurring in two or more independent ways is the sum of their separate probabilities.
What is the probability of producing a heterozygous offspring (Pp) in a Mendelian cross between heterozygous plants (Pp)?
1/2 or 50%.
What does the rule of multiplication state?
The probability of two independent events occurring simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities.
What is linkage?
A phenomenon where two or more linked genes are consistently inherited together.
Who conducted experiments on linkage using fruit flies?
Thomas Hunt Morgan.
What is complete linkage?
When traits are inherited together and visible in subsequent generations because they are on the same chromosome.
What is incomplete linkage?
When genes on the same chromosome occasionally recombine due to crossing over, producing new combinations.
What is recombination?
The process of rearranging DNA molecules to create new allele combinations.
Name one type of recombination.
Homologous recombination.
What are sex-linked traits?
Traits determined by genes located on the X chromosome.
Name one example of a sex-linked trait.
Hemophilia.
What is hemophilia?
A condition where blood does not clot properly, leading to prolonged bleeding.
What causes color blindness?
A gene abnormality affecting the production of cone cells in the retina.
What is albinism?
A condition caused by the lack of melanin, resulting in lighter skin.
What happens in sickle cell anemia?
Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, inefficient at transporting oxygen, and block small blood vessels.
How does baldness occur?
Due to genetic factors, resulting in the inability to grow hair on the scalp or premature hair loss.
What is the result of recombination during meiosis?
Offspring with a mix of traits due to genetic material exchange.
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